This Oracle/SQL tutorial provides a detailed introduction to the SQL query language and the Oracle Relational Database Management System. Further information about Oracle and SQL can be found on the web site www.db.cs.ucdavis.edu/dbs.

Recommended Literature The complete Oracle Documentation is available online at technet.oracle.com. Oracle Press has several good books on various Oracle topics. See www.osborne.com/oracle/
O’Reilly has about 30 excellent Oracle books, including Steven Feuerstein’s Oracle PL/SQL Programming (3rd edition). Jim Melton and Alan R. Simon: SQL: 1999 - Understanding Relational Language Components (1st Edition, May 2001), Morgan Kaufmann. Jim Celko has a couple of very good books that cover advanced SQL queries and programming. Check any of your favorite (online)bookstore. If you want to know more about constraints and triggers, you might want to check the following article: Can T¨urker and Michael Gertz: Semantic Integrity Support in SQL:1999 and Commercial (Object-)Relational Database Management Systems. The VLDB Journal, Volume 10, Number 4, 241-269.

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Embedded SQL and Pro*C

The query language constructs of SQL described in the previous sections are suited for formulating ad-hoc queries, data manipulation statements and simple PL/SQL blocks in simple, interactive tools such as SQL*Plus

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Many data management tasks, however, occur in sophisticated engineering applications and these tasks are too complex to be handled by such an interactive tool. Typically, data are generated and manipulated in computationally complex application programs that are written in a Third-Generation-Language (3GL), and which, therefore, need an interface to the database system. Furthermore, a majority of existing data-intensive engineering applications are written previously using an imperative programming language and now want to make use of the functionality of a database system, thus requiring an easy to use programming interface to the database system. Such an interface is provided in the form of Embedded SQL, an embedding of SQL into various programming languages, such as C, C++, Cobol, Fortran etc. Embedded SQL provides application programmers a suitable means to combine the computing power of a programming language with the database manipulation and management capabilities of the declarative query language SQL.

Since all these interfaces exhibit comparable functionalities, in the following we describe the embedding of SQL in the programming language C. For this, we base our discussion on the Oracle interface to C, called Pro*C. The emphasis in this section is placed on the description of the interface, not on introducing the programming language C.